Earning a doctorate, whether a Ph.D. or a professional doctorate, places you among an elite group of highly educated professionals. These rigorous programs cultivate a deep understanding of your chosen discipline, specialized expertise in your specific field, and advanced research and writing capabilities. For many ambitious individuals, the flexibility and accessibility of online platforms have made pursuing a Ph.D. online an increasingly attractive alternative to traditional on-campus programs.
Doctoral studies represent a significant commitment, typically demanding several years of intense academic work. However, the rewards are substantial, opening doors to careers in academia, research, and leadership roles across various professional sectors. A doctoral degree can be a pivotal step for professionals aiming for professorships or administrative positions in fields like healthcare and education. While admission to many doctoral programs requires a relevant master’s degree or substantial professional experience, the investment is often justified by the career advancement and increased earning potential it provides.
This guide explores the landscape of online doctoral degrees, providing insights into different degree types and potential career paths. We will delve into the quality, cost considerations, and typical duration of online Ph.D. programs. This information, coupled with our curated list of top online Ph.D. programs, will empower you to determine if pursuing a doctorate online aligns with your career aspirations, qualifications, and strengths.
Understanding the Value of a Doctoral Degree
Doctoral degrees represent the pinnacle of academic achievement in most fields, becoming increasingly essential for certain prestigious and specialized career paths. Data from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) reveals a consistent rise in doctoral enrollments in recent years, highlighting the growing importance of these credentials for competitive career landscapes.
For many positions in higher education, advanced research, or specialized legal fields, a Ph.D. or a professional doctoral degree like a Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), Juris Doctor (JD), or various medical doctorates are often prerequisites.
The realm of doctoral-level medical careers is broad, encompassing roles such as veterinarians, who require Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.) degrees; physical therapists, who earn Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degrees; and medical doctors, who hold Doctor of Medicine (MD) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) degrees.
The time commitment for a doctoral degree typically ranges from 3 to 8 years. Program length can be influenced by practicum requirements or professional experience components, particularly in fields like health and education. Exam-driven professional programs, such as the JD, often have shorter completion times of 3-4 years. Ph.D. programs, which frequently involve extensive independent research projects, may extend to 6-9 years.
This significant time investment frequently translates into a substantial return in terms of career progression and financial rewards. “The College Payoff,” a comprehensive report by the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, indicates that doctoral degree holders can expect lifetime earnings averaging between $3.3 and $3.6 million. This figure represents a remarkable 61% increase in lifetime earnings compared to those holding only a bachelor’s degree. Furthermore, data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) shows that doctoral graduates enjoy median weekly earnings of $1,883 – nearly double the $969 median weekly wage for all workers, underscoring the financial advantages associated with pursuing a doctorate.
Top Universities Offering the Best Online Ph.D. and Doctoral Programs
| Rank | School | Student to Faculty | Grad Rate | Retention Rate | Accept Rate | Enroll Rate | School Aid Rate | Default Rate | Description | Cost | Address | School Logo | Websites | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ### Johns Hopkins University | 9 to 1 | 92% | 97% | 16.08% | 37.18% | 39% | 1.83% | Johns Hopkins University, established in 1876 as the nation’s first research university, serves over 24,000 students across nine academic divisions in Baltimore and other locations. Renowned for its nursing school, Johns Hopkins offers a range of online doctorate programs. Registered nurses can pursue adult-gerontological Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) specializations, including acute care nurse practitioner and critical care clinical nurse specialist, each requiring 23-25 credits. For nurses focused on leadership, the 40-credit DNP executive track caters to clinical nurse specialists, nurse practitioners, and other senior nurses. Additional online DNP programs prepare nurses for advanced roles like pediatric critical care clinical nurse specialist and family primary care nurse practitioner. The school of education provides both an Ed.D. for practitioner-scholars and a hybrid Ph.D. in education for research-oriented scholars. Rounding out their online offerings are a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering and a Ph.D. in molecular microbiology and immunology. Program requirements for clinical and in-person components vary. | N/A | N/A | 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2688 | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 2 | ### Nova Southeastern University | 16 to 1 | 42% | 74% | 48.81% | 28.26% | 58% | 3.70% | Nova Southeastern University, based in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, has a significant presence with seven regional campuses and a comprehensive distance learning program including fully online and hybrid formats. Their online doctorate programs span various disciplines such as criminal justice, education, nursing, and health sciences. The 76-credit Ph.D. in conflict analysis and resolution offers a unique curriculum focused on theory, practice, research, and teaching of conflict resolution from diverse perspectives. For aspiring clinical psychologists, the practice-oriented 119-credit Psy.D. trains practitioner-scientists in evidence-based assessments and interventions. Alternatively, the 118-credit Ph.D. in clinical psychology cultivates scientist-practitioners skilled in both clinical practice and scholarly research. Additional doctoral programs include a Ph.D. in cybersecurity management and a Ph.D. in information systems. Some programs may have in-person requirements like practicums or clinicals. Tuition is consistent per-credit regardless of residency. | N/A | N/A | 3301 College Ave Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314-7796 | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 3 | ### Capitol Technology University | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Capitol Technology University, a premier STEM institution near Washington, D.C., is located in Laurel, Maryland. It caters to tech professionals working in government agencies and private sector supply chains in the D.C. metro area. Capitol offers 15 online Ph.D.s specializing in areas like artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, critical infrastructure, and business analytics and data science. The 60-credit Ph.D. in human factors develops researchers and practitioners in designing user-friendly products and systems. The online 60-credit Ph.D. in aviation is for industry professionals seeking to lead technological innovation. A related program, the 60-credit Ph.D. in unmanned systems applications, trains researchers and leaders to contribute original research. Most online programs require 2-3 years of study, research, and a dissertation. Capitol’s location offers access to a strong job market. | N/A | N/A | Laurel, Maryland | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 4 | ### University of North Dakota | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Established in 1883, the University of North Dakota is known for innovative programs, starting distance learning in 1911. Today, they offer a wide range of online degrees. Around 7,000 students, nearly half of the total enrollment, study online. Doctoral degrees are available in distinguished programs like engineering and aviation. Engineering options include a 90-credit Ph.D. in biomedical engineering and a 90-credit Ph.D. in electrical engineering. UND’s renowned aerospace learning center offers a 90-credit Ph.D. in aerospace sciences, completable in 4-7 years. The 60-credit Ph.D. in indigenous health is the first of its kind in North America, preparing experts in indigenous healthcare needs. Other doctoral programs include a Ph.D. in nursing and Ed.D. in educational practice and leadership. UND offers competitive tuition and fees. | N/A | N/A | Grand Forks, North Dakota | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 5 | ### George Washington University | 12 to 1 | 80% | 93% | 43.79% | 28.93% | 40% | 1.47% | George Washington University, located in Washington, D.C., enrolls 26,000 students across three campuses, including one near the White House. Its location provides access to federal agencies and international organizations, attracting a diverse student body. Online doctoral programs are available in healthcare and engineering. GW’s highly-ranked school of nursing offers numerous online doctoral degrees. Programs include a 72-credit DNP in adult-gerontology acute care nurse practitioner and a 43-credit DNP in executive leadership for nurse executives. Nursing programs may include clinical requirements in northern Virginia, Maryland, or D.C. Online programs in engineering and occupational therapy are also available at the doctoral level. | N/A | N/A | 2121 I Street, NW Washington, District of Columbia 20052 | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 6 | ### Keiser University-Ft Lauderdale | 12 to 1 | 60% | 75% | 48.68% | 68.08% | 69% | 17.83% | Keiser University has campuses throughout Florida, providing career-focused education. Their online and hybrid programs offer flexibility for working professionals. Doctoral online programs cover nursing, criminal justice and criminology, and curriculum and instruction. The Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) program enhances leadership skills and practical business problem-solving, combining theory and applied research. DBA specializations include management, marketing, and global business. The Ph.D. in industrial and organizational psychology offers a research-based curriculum in business psychology. Other online options include a Ph.D. in curriculum and instruction and a Ph.D. in educational leadership. Online students benefit from affordability and personalized faculty attention. | N/A | N/A | 1500 NW 49th St. Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33309 | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 7 | ### Regent University | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Regent University, a leading Christian college, provides a comprehensive catalog emphasizing academic rigor and a Christian worldview. Located in Virginia Beach, Regent offers online doctoral programs in divinity and theology, psychology, and nursing. The 36-credit Doctor of Ministry program develops leadership potential and theological skills for ministerial work. The Ph.D. in communication (56-64 credits) and Doctor of Strategic Communication (49 credits) prepare specialists for leadership roles, both requiring a residency that may be online. Regent also offers doctoral degrees for educators, including an Ed.S. in educational leadership-curriculum and instruction and a Ph.D. in education – Christian education leadership. Additional doctoral options include a Juris Doctor and Psy.D. in clinical psychology. Tuition is the same for all students regardless of residency. | N/A | N/A | Virginia Beach, Virginia | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 8 | ### Liberty University | 18 to 1 | 46% | 69% | 22.32% | 46.81% | 66% | 7.47% | Liberty University, one of the largest Christian colleges, is in Lynchburg, Virginia. With over 30 years in distance learning, Liberty offers a wide array of degrees for modern learners. Their online doctoral programs include history, education, divinity, and business. The 60-credit DBA, accredited by ACBSP, offers 15 specializations, including Six Sigma and international business. Education programs include a Ph.D. in special education and Ed.D. in curriculum and instruction with various tracks. The Ed.D. in traumatology can lead to counseling licensure. Online programs are delivered in eight-week sessions with tutoring, live webinars, an online library, and academic advising. Tuition is competitive and the same for all students, with military personnel receiving discounts. | N/A | N/A | 1971 University Blvd Lynchburg, Virginia 24515 | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 9 | ### Texas Tech University | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Texas Tech University started distance learning in 1966. Today, they offer around a dozen doctoral programs online or in hybrid formats with some on-campus classes in Lubbock. Five fully online doctoral programs focus on education. The 63-credit Ph.D. in curriculum and instruction offers tracks in STEM, curriculum studies and teacher education, and language, diversity, and literacy studies. The hybrid 96-credit Ed.D. in educational leadership prepares school executives for preK-12 settings. Other education degrees include an Ed.D. in agricultural education and an Ed.D. in higher education administration. A hybrid 72-credit Ph.D. in systems and engineering management is also available. Online learners from out-of-state pay in-state tuition rates. | N/A | N/A | Lubbock, Texas | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 10 | ### The University of Alabama | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | The University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa, is a top public institution with a global reach. Through Bama By Distance, UA offers online doctoral degrees in education and healthcare. The hybrid 72-credit Ed.D. in educational leadership focuses on research-based administrative practices for K-12 schools. The 66-credit Ed.D. in higher education administration uses a hybrid cohort format for postsecondary administrators. A primarily online Ph.D. in aerospace engineering and mechanics (72 credits) is available for senior engineers. The hybrid Ed.D. in instructional leadership is for nurse educators. A cohort-based Doctor of Social Work program is also offered. Online students pay the same tuition regardless of residency. | N/A | N/A | Tuscaloosa, Alabama | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 11 | ### University of Florida | 21 to 1 | 85% | 96% | 45.61% | 49.82% | 32% | 3.47% | The University of Florida is a leader in online education, offering seven online doctoral degrees primarily in education and nursing. The Ed.D. in higher education administration is a part-time program with online learning and immersions held 2-3 weekends per semester at UF and other Florida colleges, taking about five years to complete. The Ed.D. in curriculum and instruction focuses on educational technology, training scholars in optimizing technology use in classrooms. This 54-credit cohort-based program offers mentoring and a strong online community. A 35-credit MSN-to-DNP is also available. Other online doctorates include a Ph.D. in classical civilization, Ph.D. in Latin and Roman studies, Ed.D. in educational leadership, and Ed.D. in teachers, schools, and society. | N/A | N/A | Gainesville, Florida 32611 | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 12 | ### Mississippi State University | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Mississippi State University, originally an agricultural and mechanical school, is now a comprehensive institution. They offer online doctoral programs in engineering and education. Ph.D. programs in chemical engineering and industrial and systems engineering are available. The Ph.D. in instructional systems and workforce development is customizable for faculty, researchers, evaluators, or consultants. The Ph.D. in community college leadership prepares educators for two-year colleges, especially rural ones. Online students pay in-state tuition regardless of residency and have access to online tutoring and career services. | N/A | N/A | Mississippi State, Mississippi | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 13 | ### Shenandoah University | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Shenandoah University, affiliated with the United Methodist Church, has campuses in Northern Virginia. They offer select online doctoral degrees focused on healthcare. RNs can pursue a BSN-to-DNP (71-78 credits) or MSN-to-DNP, both with family nurse practitioner and psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner concentrations. Core BSN-to-DNP classes are at Shenandoah’s Winchester campus or the Inova Center in Fairfax, with DNP classes online. A 30-credit doctorate in occupational therapy is for registered occupational therapists seeking leadership roles. Shenandoah’s pharmacy program includes three doctoral degrees, and a 16-credit doctor of physical therapy is for practicing clinicians. Shenandoah’s location near Washington, D.C., offers access to a prosperous region. | N/A | N/A | Winchester, Virginia | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 14 | ### University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | 19 to 1 | 84% | 93% | 59.04% | 32.8% | 39% | 3.13% | The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a pioneer in distance learning, offering over 90 online programs. Online doctoral degrees include a 64-credit Ed.D. in diversity and equity in education, focused on social justice in P-16 education. The Ed.D. in education policy, organization, and leadership has a concentration in learning design and leadership for instructional designers and e-learning professionals. This Ed.D. also offers a concentration in global studies in education. The 64-credit Ed.D. in human resource development focuses on adult learning and workplace performance improvement. | N/A | N/A | 601 E John Street Champaign, Illinois 61820-5711 | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 15 | ### University of South Carolina-Columbia | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | The University of South Carolina, the state’s flagship college, has a long history of academic excellence. They offer online doctoral programs in education and engineering. The 60-credit Ed.D. in educational practice and innovation has specializations in curriculum studies, STEM education, learning design, and education systems improvement, delivered in eight-week sessions. Nonresident Ed.D. students pay slightly higher tuition. A 60-credit Ph.D. in computer engineering is available, focused on applied learning and research. Online Ph.D. programs in mechanical and nuclear engineering are also offered. GRE scores are required for engineering programs. | N/A | N/A | Columbia, South Carolina | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 16 | ### Andrews University | 9 to 1 | 59% | 79% | 36.88% | 31.63% | 49% | 7.43% | Andrews University, an Adventist college in Berrien Springs, Michigan, integrates scholarship and practical Christianity. They offer an online doctorate in healthcare, leadership, or education. The 64-credit Doctor of Science in physical therapy prepares for Certified Manual Physical Therapist credentials, with specializations in women’s health or orthopaedic manual therapy. An online Doctor of Physical Therapy (35-38 credits) is for practicing physical therapists. Leadership programs include a 54-credit Doctor of Leadership (project-based) and a 60-credit Ph.D. in leadership (dissertation-based). Education programs include Ed.D. and Ph.D. options in higher education administration and curriculum and instruction. | N/A | N/A | 4150 Administration Drive, Room 136 Berrien Springs, Michigan 49104 | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 17 | ### Creighton University | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Creighton University, in Omaha, Nebraska, is consistently ranked among top online learning schools. This Jesuit institution offers online doctoral programs in business, healthcare, and education. The 54-credit DBA is a hybrid program accredited by AACSB, focusing on managerial and leadership skills. Creighton’s nursing program leads to a DNP with multiple tracks and flexible pacing for working nurses. The hybrid 143-credit Doctor of Pharmacy prepares experts in patient care and medication management. The 60-credit Ed.D. in interdisciplinary leadership suits professionals in education, business, and other fields. Online tuition is the same for all students. | N/A | N/A | Omaha, Nebraska | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 18 | ### Purdue University-Main Campus | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Purdue University is a top-tier public research university known for innovation. They offer e-learning options in education, nursing, technology/computer science, and law and legal studies. Hybrid Ph.D. programs include a Ph.D. in higher education and a Ph.D. in education leadership and policy studies (90 credits each). A fully online 48-60-credit DNP is available for RNs. The four-year Juris Doctor program (92 credits, part-time) qualifies students for the California Bar exam. The fully online 90-credit Doctor of Technology program emphasizes STEM and research. Online students get free software and pay the same tuition regardless of residency. | N/A | N/A | West Lafayette, Indiana | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 19 | ### University of Alabama in Huntsville | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | The University of Alabama in Huntsville is a top research university with around 10,000 students on campus and online. Online doctoral programs focus on nursing and engineering. RNs can choose between a DNP and a Ph.D. in nursing. The 40-credit DNP can be completed in as little as 28 months online, focusing on leadership competencies. The 69-credit Ph.D. in nursing prepares nurse scholars for research on rural and underserved populations. Engineering Ph.D. options (69-75 credits) include industrial, systems, civil, and engineering management, primarily online with some in-person sessions. Up to 24 transfer credits are accepted for engineering degrees. Scholarships and fellowships are available. | N/A | N/A | Huntsville, AL | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 20 | ### University of Missouri-Columbia | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | The University of Missouri-Columbia, founded in 1839, is a major online education provider with over 150 online degrees and certificates. They offer online doctoral programs in architectural studies and nursing. The Ph.D. in architectural studies (72 credits) focuses on design for modern environments with specializations like sustainable design and facility management. It is fully online with an optional on-campus workshop. The nursing school’s 72-credit DNP offers specializations in family nurse practitioner, pediatric clinical nurse specialist, and adult-gerontology clinical nurse specialist, delivered online with required on-campus sessions. Mizzou offers a tuition reduction for military personnel, veterans, and their families. | N/A | N/A | Columbia, MO | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 21 | ### University of the Cumberlands | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | The University of the Cumberlands serves students in the Appalachian region and online. Graduate programs are designed for flexible, self-paced learning. Fully online doctoral degrees are offered in IT, business, and counseling. The 60-credit Ph.D. in information technology focuses on predictive analytics for big data and cybersecurity. Business programs include a 66-credit DBA (applied) and a 66-credit Ph.D. in business (research-focused). The 66-credit Ph.D. in counselor education and supervision trains counseling program educators and behavioral health agency administrators. Other programs include a Ph.D. in leadership and an executive Ph.D. in business. Cumberlands offers competitive tuition in Kentucky. | N/A | N/A | Williamsburg, KY | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 22 | ### University of Wisconsin-Madison | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | The University of Wisconsin-Madison is globally recognized for academics, with 19 Nobel Prize winners. Through UW e-campus, they offer 60 online graduate degrees. Online doctoral degrees include education and nursing. The three-year Ed.D. in career and technical education is a hybrid cohort program (60 credits) focused on leadership and data use. The fully online 54-credit Ed.D. in sustainability development explores sustainability in various contexts. RNs can pursue a practice-focused DNP or a research-focused Ph.D. in nursing, entering with a BSN or MSN. | N/A | N/A | Madison, WI | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 23 | ### A T Still University of Health Sciences | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | A.T. Still University, which opened the first osteopathic medical school in 1892, trains healthcare professionals with a whole-person approach. They have campuses in Missouri and Arizona and offer doctoral programs online in health education, health science, and administration. The Doctor of Health Administration prepares for healthcare leadership, covering healthcare law and policy. The Ed.D. in health professions is experience-based for clinicians and educators. The Doctor of Health Sciences develops managers with expertise in organizational leadership and evidence-based practice. | N/A | N/A | Kirksville, MO | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 24 | ### Duquesne University | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Duquesne University, a top Catholic university in Pittsburgh, combines academic rigor with Spiritan values. Their online doctoral programs focus on education and healthcare. The 54-credit Ed.D. in instructional technology is for professionals specializing in technology integration in education and corporate training. Duquesne’s nursing school offers multiple online doctoral programs, including a 35-credit DNP in clinical leadership and a 35- to 62-credit DNP in executive nurse leadership and healthcare management. The Ph.D. in nursing (56 credits) is research-focused. The unique 47-credit Ph.D. in nurse ethics includes study abroad. Nurses receive up to a 55% tuition discount. GRE scores are not required. | N/A | N/A | Pittsburgh, PA | School WebsiteN/A | |
| 25 | ### Hampton University | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Hampton University, a historically black institution in Virginia, emphasizes science and the professions. HU offers online doctoral programs in business, education, and nursing. The 61-credit Ph.D. in business administration is for MBAs and non-business professionals seeking leadership roles, requiring two summer residencies. The accelerated 66-credit Ph.D. in education management prepares leaders for higher education and preK-12 institutions. The 64-credit Ph.D. in counselor education and supervision is for licensed counselors. The 48-credit Ph.D. in nursing focuses on family and family-related research. Online tuition is the same for all students. | N/A | N/A | Hampton, VA | School WebsiteN/A |
A diverse group of doctoral graduates celebrating their achievement, representing the culmination of years of dedication and hard work in their online programs.
Ph.D. vs. Professional Doctorate: Understanding the Key Differences
Both Ph.D. and professional doctoral degrees signify advanced expertise, typically requiring mastery in research, scholarly writing, and the ability to defend your work orally. Many academic disciplines offer both Ph.D. and professional doctorate pathways. Understanding the core distinctions between these degree types is crucial for making an informed decision that aligns with your individual preferences, strengths, and career goals.
The Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) is traditionally considered a more academically focused degree. Ph.D. programs emphasize theoretical frameworks, rigorous data analysis, and the creation of original research. The primary aim of a Ph.D. program is to prepare graduates for careers in academia, research institutions, or roles that demand deep theoretical understanding and research skills. Ph.D. curricula are designed to cultivate the ability to critically evaluate, analyze, and contribute to academic theory and existing research literature.
Professional doctoral degrees, such as the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), and Doctor of Public Health (Dr.PH.), place a greater emphasis on the practical application of research within professional settings. These programs are often tailored for working professionals seeking to advance their careers by deepening their expertise and applying research-based solutions to real-world challenges.
A key difference often lies in the culminating project. Ph.D. candidates typically produce a dissertation, which is an extensive piece of original research that contributes new knowledge to their field. In contrast, professional doctoral students often undertake applied projects, such as in-depth research studies or problem-solving initiatives conducted within real-world organizations or communities. These projects are designed to demonstrate the practical application of research methodologies and theoretical frameworks to address specific professional issues.
Popular Doctoral Degree Types: Exploring Your Options
NCES data reveals that healthcare professions account for a significant 43.63% of all doctoral degrees awarded, more than double the proportion in law (18.77%), the next highest field. Disciplines like education, engineering, and biological sciences represent a smaller percentage of doctoral degrees, ranging from 4.47% to 6.94%. Below, we outline some of the most prevalent doctoral degree types, including the Ed.D., Ph.D., and MD.
- Health professions and related programs – 43.63%
- Legal professions and studies — 18.77%
- Education — 6.94%
- Engineering and engineering technologies — 5.99%
- Biological and biomedical sciences — 4.47%
Source: NCES
Let’s explore some of the most common doctoral degrees in more detail:
Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)
The Ed.D. is a popular choice for educators seeking to advance into leadership roles or specialize in areas like curriculum development or educational administration. Ed.D. programs are designed to equip educators with practical, research-based solutions to contemporary challenges in education. Common specializations include higher education leadership, early childhood education, and STEM education. The Ed.D. is ideal for those who want to impact educational practice and policy directly.
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
The Ph.D. offers unparalleled opportunities for in-depth research tailored to individual interests and career goals. While often associated with academic careers, Ph.D. degrees are valuable in diverse sectors requiring advanced research and analytical skills. Ph.D. programs are available across a wide spectrum of disciplines, from education and business to marketing and public health. The Ph.D. is suited for individuals driven by intellectual curiosity and a desire to contribute to the body of knowledge in their chosen field.
Doctor of Theology (ThD)
The Doctor of Theology (ThD) is a research-oriented degree comparable to the Ph.D., specifically focused on theological studies. ThD programs delve into the history, doctrines, and practices of religious traditions. Specializations often include areas like the history of Christianity, world religions, and liturgical studies. The ThD is designed for those seeking advanced scholarship in theology and related fields, often for careers in theological education or religious research.
Medicinae Doctor (MD)
The Medicinae Doctor (MD), or Doctor of Medicine, is the foundational degree for physicians and medical doctors practicing general medicine in the United States. MD programs provide comprehensive training in medical sciences, clinical practice, and patient care. Specializations within MD programs are vast, ranging from women’s reproductive health and integrative medicine to medical education and specialized surgical fields. The MD is a professional doctorate essential for those pursuing a career as a medical doctor.
A modern online learning environment, showcasing the flexibility and technology that make online doctorate programs accessible to students worldwide.
Online vs. On-Campus Doctorate: Assessing Program Quality
Online education has emerged as a credible and increasingly respected pathway to higher education, offering academic rigor and recognition comparable to traditional on-campus programs. Notably, many institutions that offer both online and on-campus versions of their degree programs issue diplomas that do not differentiate between the mode of delivery, signifying equivalent degree standing.
Research consistently points to comparable learning outcomes and student satisfaction levels between online and on-campus education. A study published in the Journal of Online Learning and Teaching indicates that online and on-campus learning environments can yield similar levels of student satisfaction. Furthermore, a 2016 report by The Learning House, Inc., and Aslanian Market Research, reveals that approximately 65% of today’s online learners have prior experience with online education, suggesting increasing familiarity and acceptance of this learning modality.
The same report highlights that a significant majority, around 90% of college students, rate their online educational experiences as equal to or even better than their on-campus counterparts. Moreover, about 70% of students perceive their online programs as a worthwhile investment of both time and financial resources. These findings underscore the growing acceptance and perceived value of online doctorate programs.
Online Ph.D. programs offer distinct advantages, including cost savings and enhanced flexibility, which we will explore further.
Cost-Effectiveness of Online Doctoral Degrees
Pursuing a Ph.D. online can often lead to a significantly lower overall cost compared to traditional on-campus programs, potentially reducing student loan debt accumulation. Online programs frequently extend in-state tuition rates to out-of-state students or offer dedicated, often lower, online tuition rates. Additionally, many universities waive various campus-based service fees for online students, further contributing to cost savings.
Online learners also benefit from reduced expenses associated with residency and commuting, common costs for full-time on-campus programs. Individuals who own homes or reside in areas with lower living costs can pursue online doctorates without the need to relocate to more expensive urban or suburban centers, preserving their existing financial stability.
Furthermore, online doctoral programs are often structured to accommodate the schedules of working professionals, offering flexible attendance options. Many programs allow students to engage with coursework during evenings, weekends, or other times that fit their personal and professional commitments, enabling them to maintain their current income while advancing their education. Online students also have equal access to financial aid opportunities, including federal grants and loans, as well as university-specific scholarships, making doctoral education more accessible financially. The College Board’s 2019 report on student aid trends indicates that full-time graduate students receive an average of $28,140 in financial aid.
Understanding Online Ph.D. Program Costs
The College Board’s 2019 report provides valuable insights into college pricing trends, revealing a significant tuition and fee differential between public and private nonprofit universities. Public universities generally offer considerably more affordable doctoral programs. The table below illustrates the average cost differences:
| Type of School | Average Published Tuition and Fees |
|---|---|
| Public Institutions | $11,380 |
| Private Nonprofit Institutions | $45,380 |
Source: College Board
This data highlights the potential for substantial cost savings by considering online doctoral programs offered by public institutions.
Time to Completion for Online Doctorates
The duration of a doctoral program varies considerably based on several factors, including the specific degree type (Ph.D. vs. professional doctorate), the academic discipline, the field of study, and the student’s individual pace of study (full-time vs. part-time). NCES data from 2018 indicates that the median time to completion for doctoral degrees is 7.3 years from the start of graduate school and 5.8 years specifically within the doctoral program. The shorter duration within the doctoral program itself suggests that students who enter with prior graduate coursework, such as a master’s degree, may complete their doctorate approximately 1.5 years faster.
NCES statistics also reveal that time-to-degree varies significantly across disciplines. Doctoral degrees in STEM fields like physical sciences, mathematics, computer science, and engineering tend to have median completion times at least one year shorter than social science degrees. Humanities, arts, and education doctoral programs often have the longest completion times, reflecting the nature of research and dissertation requirements in these fields.
Choosing the Right Online Doctoral Program: Key Considerations
Once you’ve decided to pursue a doctorate online, selecting the right program becomes paramount. While online programs share common advantages like flexibility, they differ in crucial aspects that impact your learning experience and career outcomes. Prioritize the following factors when evaluating programs:
- Career Alignment: Ensure the program directly supports your career goals and provides the necessary knowledge and skills for your desired profession. Verify if the program offers specific specializations or tracks that match your interests.
- Professional Certification and Licensure: If your field requires professional certifications or licenses (e.g., in healthcare, psychology, or law), confirm that the program provides adequate preparation for relevant exams and fulfills educational requirements for licensure in your state or region.
- Program Format and Flexibility: Some online programs may incorporate on-campus components, such as residencies or intensives. Assess your ability to travel to campus if required. Consider your learning style and preferences. If you thrive in structured environments, synchronous programs with live online sessions may be suitable. If you need maximum flexibility, asynchronous programs that allow you to learn at your own pace may be a better fit.
- Learning Environment and Support: Explore the program’s online learning platform and available student support services. Does it offer robust technical support, online libraries, writing centers, and career services tailored for online learners? A supportive learning environment is crucial for success in a demanding doctoral program.
- Program Cost and Financial Aid: Carefully evaluate the program’s tuition, fees, and available financial aid options. Compare the costs of different programs and investigate scholarship opportunities, grants, and loan options. Understand the program’s tuition structure for online learners, including potential in-state or out-of-state rate variations.
- Accreditation: Accreditation is paramount. Ensure that the program and the institution hold proper accreditation from recognized bodies. Accreditation validates program quality and is essential for federal financial aid eligibility and degree recognition by employers and other institutions. We will discuss accreditation in detail in the next section.
In-State vs. Out-of-State Online Doctoral Programs: Location Matters
Your geographic location can influence the cost of your online doctorate. Many universities, even for online programs, maintain different tuition rates for in-state and out-of-state residents. Even if a program is fully online and doesn’t require campus visits, some institutions may require proof of residency to qualify for lower in-state tuition.
It’s essential to investigate the residency policies of universities you are considering. Also, explore if the institution participates in initiatives like the State Authorization Reciprocity Agreement (SARA), which establishes standards for interstate online education.
Choosing an online program within your home state may offer advantages beyond tuition. You might have access to on-campus resources like career counseling centers or libraries, even as an online student. Furthermore, for professions requiring state licensure (like law, psychology, or counseling), enrolling in a program within your state can simplify the licensure process, as program curricula are often aligned with state-specific requirements. Reciprocity agreements between states can facilitate license transfer if you plan to practice in a different state after graduation.
The Significance of Accreditation for Online Doctorates
Accreditation is a critical factor when evaluating online doctoral programs. It serves as a hallmark of academic quality and institutional legitimacy. Two primary types of accreditation are essential to understand: institutional accreditation and programmatic accreditation.
Institutional Accreditation: This form of accreditation assesses the overall quality and integrity of an institution of higher education. The Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) is a leading authority that recognizes reputable regional and national accrediting organizations. Regional accreditation is often considered the most prestigious form in the U.S., while national accreditation may be more common for vocational or specialized institutions, including some online-focused colleges. The Distance Education Accrediting Commission (DEAC) is a nationally recognized accreditor specifically focused on distance education institutions.
Programmatic Accreditation: In addition to institutional accreditation, certain professional fields have specialized programmatic accrediting agencies recognized by CHEA. Programmatic accreditation evaluates the quality of specific degree programs within an institution, ensuring they meet field-specific standards and competencies. For example, nursing, business, and engineering programs often seek programmatic accreditation from specialized bodies.
Why Accreditation Matters:
- Financial Aid Eligibility: Federal financial aid (grants and loans) is generally only available to students attending accredited institutions and programs.
- Credit and Degree Recognition: Accreditation ensures that credits earned and degrees obtained from a program are recognized as legitimate by other educational institutions and employers. Transferring credits or pursuing further education may be challenging with degrees from non-accredited programs.
- Employer Recognition: Employers often prioritize candidates with degrees from accredited institutions, especially for doctoral-level positions. Accreditation signals quality and rigor to potential employers.
- Program Quality Assurance: The accreditation process involves rigorous external review, ensuring that programs meet established standards for curriculum, faculty qualifications, student support, and learning outcomes.
When researching online doctoral programs, always verify both institutional and programmatic accreditation status. Check the program website or consult the Database of Accredited Postsecondary Institutions and Programs maintained by the U.S. Department of Education to confirm accreditation. Prioritize programs accredited by CHEA-recognized regional accreditors for the highest level of recognition and quality assurance.
Career Paths with a Doctorate: Expanding Your Horizons
A doctoral degree opens doors to a wide spectrum of advanced career paths, primarily concentrated in education, research, and specialized healthcare professions. For aspiring university professors and researchers in most non-medical disciplines, a Ph.D. is typically the essential credential. While Ph.D. students often begin teaching and research activities during their doctoral studies, full-time professorships and senior research positions typically require completion of the doctorate.
In healthcare, doctoral degrees are prerequisites for professions like veterinarians, physical therapists, medical doctors, and pharmacy directors. Psychiatrists and psychologists also generally require doctoral-level training. Many of these doctoral-level healthcare careers also necessitate state licensure to practice.
Here are examples of careers that commonly require a doctoral degree:
Professor, Postsecondary/Higher Education: University and college professors play a vital role in shaping the next generation of leaders and thinkers. They teach undergraduate and graduate courses, conduct research, mentor students, and contribute to their academic fields. A terminal degree, typically a Ph.D. in their discipline, is generally required for full-time, tenure-track professorships. The BLS reports a median annual salary of $79,540 for postsecondary teachers in 2019, with projected job growth of 11% from 2018-2028.
Senior Research Scientist: Senior research scientists are at the forefront of discovery and innovation. Often employed in laboratories, research institutions, or universities, they design and conduct complex research projects, analyze data, and disseminate findings through publications and presentations. PayScale data indicates an average annual salary of $101,244 for senior research scientists, with variations based on field, industry, and employer.
Psychiatrist: Psychiatrists are medical doctors specializing in mental health. They diagnose and treat mental illnesses, prescribe medication, and provide therapy and counseling. Holding an MD or DO degree is essential, along with specialized residency training in psychiatry. The BLS reports a substantial mean annual wage of $220,380 for psychiatrists.
Physical Therapist: Physical therapists help individuals recover from injuries, manage chronic conditions, and improve their mobility and quality of life. They develop and implement personalized treatment plans, guide patients through exercises, and utilize various therapeutic techniques. A Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree is the standard entry-level requirement. The BLS projects strong job growth of 22% for physical therapists from 2018-2028, with a median annual salary of $89,440 in 2019.
Hospital Pharmacy Director: Hospital pharmacy directors are leaders in healthcare administration, overseeing all pharmacy operations within a hospital or healthcare system. Their responsibilities encompass staff management, regulatory compliance, medication safety, and patient care. A Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree from an accredited program and state licensure are required. PayScale data indicates an average annual salary of $146,293 for hospital pharmacy directors.
Veterinarian: Veterinarians are dedicated to animal health and well-being. Working in clinics, animal hospitals, or research settings, they diagnose and treat animal illnesses and injuries, perform surgeries, provide preventative care, and advise animal owners. A Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.) degree is essential. The BLS reports a median annual salary of $95,460 for veterinarians.
A student thoughtfully reviewing graduate school application materials, highlighting the careful preparation needed for doctoral program admissions.
Navigating the Doctoral Program Application Process
Applying to doctoral programs is a multifaceted process that requires careful planning and preparation. Key steps typically include:
- Program Research: Thoroughly research programs that align with your academic interests and career aspirations. Consider program format (online, hybrid, on-campus), faculty expertise, research opportunities, and program culture.
- Standardized Testing: Many doctoral programs require standardized graduate-level tests. The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is commonly required, assessing verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and analytical writing skills. Some programs may also require GRE subject tests or other tests like the LSAT, MCAT, or GMAT depending on the field.
- Application Materials: Prepare comprehensive application materials, typically including:
- Official Transcripts: Request official transcripts from all undergraduate and graduate institutions you have attended.
- Standardized Test Scores: Submit official scores from required standardized tests.
- Letters of Recommendation: Request letters of recommendation from professors or mentors who can attest to your academic abilities and research potential.
- Personal Statement/Essay: Craft a compelling personal statement outlining your research interests, career goals, and reasons for pursuing a doctorate in the specific program.
- Resume/Curriculum Vitae (CV): Prepare a detailed resume or CV highlighting your academic achievements, research experience, professional experience, and publications (if applicable).
- Writing Sample/Portfolio (Optional): Some programs may request a writing sample, such as a master’s thesis or research paper, or a portfolio showcasing your work in relevant fields.
- Interviews: Be prepared for interviews, which may be conducted in person or virtually, as part of the admissions process.
Doctoral program admissions are often highly competitive. Investing time and effort in crafting high-quality application materials is essential. This helpful guide provides a detailed overview of the graduate school application process and timeline in the U.S.
Key Application Components in Detail:
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Testing: Familiarize yourself with the standardized testing requirements for your target programs. Practice tests are invaluable for assessing your strengths and weaknesses and for developing test-taking strategies. Aim to take tests well in advance of application deadlines to allow time for score reporting.
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Letters of Recommendation: Select recommenders who know your work well and can write strong letters of support. Approach recommenders well in advance (1-2 months before deadlines) and provide them with relevant information about your application materials and program goals. Follow up to ensure timely submission of letters.
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Resume/Portfolio: Showcase your accomplishments and experiences relevant to your doctoral program. Highlight research projects, publications, presentations, relevant professional roles, and any awards or recognitions. For Ph.D. programs, emphasize research experience and academic achievements. For professional doctorates, highlight professional experience and leadership roles.
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Purpose Statement/Essay: This is your opportunity to articulate your intellectual interests, research agenda, and career aspirations. Clearly and concisely explain why you are pursuing a doctorate, what you hope to achieve in the program, and how your background and skills align with the program’s focus. A well-crafted purpose statement is crucial for demonstrating your readiness for doctoral-level research.
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Official Transcripts: Request transcripts early in the application process. Contact the registrar’s office at each institution you attended to request official transcripts be sent directly to your prospective programs. Be mindful of processing times, especially during peak application seasons.
By understanding the nuances of online doctorate programs and diligently preparing your application, you can take a significant step towards achieving your advanced educational and career goals.
